Solar Panels
(1) Crystalline silicon panels: polycrystalline silicon solar cells, monocrystalline silicon solar cells.
(2) Amorphous silicon panels: thin-film solar cells, organic solar cells.
(3) Chemical Dye Panels: Dye-sensitized solar cells.
Inverter
In order to supply power to 220VAC electrical appliances, it is necessary to convert the direct current energy generated by the solar power generation system into alternating current, so a DC-AC inverter is required.
Inverters are further divided into off-grid inverters and grid-connected inverters.
Battery
(1) Monocrystalline Solar/Silicon Solar Cells
Monocrystalline solar cells convert sunlight to solar energy/conversion to electricity at an average efficiency of about 15% (with maximum efficiency available at approximately 24%). The cost of them limits mass use/production for the time being. Monocrystalline silicon cells are contained in waterproof resin and/or tempered glass, therefore; they offer great rigidity and durability for the duration of the lifespan/useful serviceability. Monocrystalline silicon solar cells are designed for an average operational life between 15 years to 25 years (of course actual life expectancy would vary depending on numerous different variables) depending on the solar energy system/level of product performance.
(2) Polycrystalline Solar/Silicon PV Cells
Polycrystalline silicone has been manufactured by a similar method and process to monocrystalline silicone; however, while typical Polycrystalline Silicon offers an average PV efficiency approximately equal to 12%, the PV efficiency of the Normal Monocrystalline Silicone is considerably higher than Polycrystalline silicone. (For example, the world's highest PV efficiency for a Polycrystalline Solar Cell was accomplished by Sharp Corporation (Japan) on July 1, 2004 with a PV efficiency of 14.8%, while normal/purified monocrystalline has higher efficiencies than that of polycrystalline.
The material costs for PV- Polycrystalline is less compared to PV-Monocrystalline; Additionally, Polycrystalline has the ability to use less energy in its production process, and due to the lower total production costs, Polycrystalline has been able to achieve large scale commercial production.
In addition, polycrystalline has a tendency to have a shorter life expectancy when compared with monocrystalline, as well as having less performance-to-cost ratio.
(3) Amorphous silicon solar cells
Amorphous silicon solar cells came out in 1976 as a type of thin-film solar cell. They're made differently than monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Because the production is simpler, these cells require less material and energy to produce than regular solar cells. Amorphous silicon solar cells work well in low-light settings.
On the other hand, they're less efficient, reliable, and durable than standard commercial solar cells. Studies suggest their performance drops over time too.
(4) Multi-compound solar cells
Multi-compound solar cells refer to solar cells that are not made of a single element of semiconductor material. There are many varieties studied in various countries, most of which have not yet been industrialized, mainly the following:
a) cadmium sulfide solar cells
b) gallium arsenide solar cells
c) copper indium selenium solar cells (new multi-bandgap gradient Cu(In, Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells)
Cu(In, Ga)Se2 is a kind of sunlight absorbing material with excellent performance, and it is a semiconductor material with multiple gradient band gaps (energy level difference between the conduction band and valence band), which can expand the solar absorption spectrum range and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Based on it, thin-film solar cells with significantly higher photoelectric conversion efficiency than silicon thin-film solar cells can be designed. The achievable photoelectric conversion rate is 18%, and this kind of thin-film solar cells have no optical radiation-induced performance degradation effect (SWE), and their photoelectric conversion efficiency is about 50~75% higher than that of commercial thin-film solar panels, which is the highest level of photoelectric conversion efficiency in the world.
Controller
The solar controller is composed of a dedicated processor CPU, electronic components, display, switching power tube, etc.
Main features:
1. The single-chip microcomputer and special software are used to realize intelligent control.
2. Accurate discharge control using the correction of battery discharge rate characteristics. The end-of-discharge voltage is a control point corrected by the discharge rate curve, which eliminates the inaccuracy of simple voltage control over-discharge, and conforms to the inherent characteristics of the battery, that is, different discharge rates have different termination voltages.
3. It has automatic control such as overcharge, overdischarge, electronic short circuit, overload protection, unique anti-reverse polarity protection, etc., and the above protection does not damage any parts and does not burn the insurance.
4. The main circuit of series PWM charging is adopted, so that the voltage loss of the charging circuit is reduced by nearly half compared with the charging circuit using diodes, and the charging efficiency is 3%-6% higher than that of non-PWM It increases the power consumption time, the lifting charge of over-discharge recovery, the normal direct charge and the automatic control mode of floating charge make the system have a longer service life, and at the same time, it has high-precision temperature compensation.
5. The intuitive LED light-emitting tube indicates the current battery status, allowing the user to understand the use status.
6. All controls are industrial-grade chips (only for industrial-grade controllers with I), which can run freely in cold, high temperature and humid environments. At the same time, the crystal oscillator timing control is used, and the timing control is accurate.
7. The potentiometer adjustment control set point is canceled, and the E-side memory is used to record each working control point, so that the setting is digitized, and the factors that reduce the accuracy and reliability of the control point due to the potentiometer vibration deviation and temperature drift are eliminated.
8. The use of digital LED display and setting, one-button operation can complete all settings, the use of extremely convenient and intuitive function is to control the working state of the whole system, and play the role of overcharge protection, over-discharge protection for the battery. In places with large temperature differences, qualified controllers should also have the function of temperature compensation. Other additional functions such as light switches and time-controlled switches should be optional for the controller.
